Zambia's Luangwa Valley is a vast wilderness. It may seem ageless and permanent but in reality it's in constant flux. This complex ecosystem is structurally engineered by the variety of animals that live here, each species leaving its mark. On the savanna, engineers come in many sizes. Bees build a landing pad to their hive in a hollow tree, protecting the hive from invaders. Elephants impact the landscape as they scar tree trunks and toppling trees, turning woodlands into grasslands. Dung beetles are vital, rolling balls of seed filled dung away for storage, planting seeds for new trees. Insects, birds and mammals rely on trees for survival, and red-billed buffalo weavers construct elaborate conjoined nests for their commune. Warthogs dig up soils as they search for roots and bulbs, but they squat in an old aardvark burrow. Towering termite fortresses dot the Luangwa Valley landscape, a complex ventilation system constructed by a million tiny builders. They recycle nutrients as they drag vegetation into their nest to feed the colony. Hippos graze on land at night, and deposit nutrients in the water after they digest it, their dung being a vital part of the river ecosystem. Carmine bee-eater birds riddle the riverbanks of the Luangwa with holes, creating sandy slopes below with their excavations, weakening the banks in the wet season an eventually changing the course of the river. Antlions create miniature craters in the sandy soil inland, trapping their prey. Masked weaver birds build intricate nests using complex knots. The golden orb weaver spider builds a large, strong death trap for her next meal. Lions keep the herbivore in check and on the move as they hunt in the valley, helping balance the ecosystem. Each architect affects the surroundings in the Luangwa valley.