100 cigarettes and a bottle of vodka was the reward in occupied Poland for turning in a Jew. Arthur Schaller was 11 in 1939 when Germany invaded and forced the Warsaw Jews into the Ghetto. With his father escaped to Soviet-occupied territory and his mother rounded up by the Nazis, Arthur and and his younger brother, Jerzyk, struggled to survive as orphans. For three more years, until the end of the war, Arthur posed as a Catholic orphan, working as a cowherd, moving from farm to farm to avoid detection.