Inquiry, laboratory, project-based learning, discovery learning--which science instructional approach is most effective? In Visible Learning for Science, the authors reveal that it's not which strategy, but when, and plot a vital K-12 framework for choosing the right approach at the right time, depending on where students are within the three phases of learning: surface, deep, and transfer. Synthesizing state-of-the-art science instruction and assessment with John Hattie's cornerstone educational research, this book empowers you to plan, develop, and implement high-impact instruction at each phase so all students demonstrate more than a year's worth of learning for every year in school.